|
The Amman Citadel is a national historic site at the center of downtown Amman, Jordan. Known in Arabic as ''Jabal al-Qal'a'', (''جبل القلعة''), the L-shaped hill is one of the seven ''jabals'' that originally made up Amman. Evidence of occupation since the pottery Neolithic period〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Citadel, Amman, Jordan )〕 has been found, making it among the world's oldest continuously inhabited places. The Citadel is considered an important site because it has had a long history of occupation by many great civilizations.〔Najjar, M. “Amman Citadel Temple of Hercules Excavations Preliminary Report.” Syria 70 (1993): 220-225.〕 Most of the buildings still visible at the site are from the Roman, Byzantine, and Umayyad periods.〔Bennett, C. M. “Excavations at the Citadel (El Qal’ah), Amman, Jordan.” ''Levant'' 10.1 (1978): 1-9. http://www.maneyonline.com/doi/abs/10.1179/lev.1978.10.1.1〕 The major buildings at the site are the Temple of Hercules, a Byzantine church, and the Umayyad Palace. Though the fortification walls enclose the heart of the site, the ancient periods of occupation covered large areas. Historic structures, tombs, arches, walls and stairs have no modern borders, and therefore there is considerable archaeological potential at this site, as well as in surrounding lands, and throughout Amman. Archaeologists have been working at the site since the 1920s, including Italian, British, French, Spanish, and Jordanian projects,〔Atiat, Taysir M. “An Egyptianizing Cult at the Citadel Hill (Jabal al-Qal’a) of Amman, Jordan.” ''Levant'' 35 (2003): 117-122. http://www.maneyonline.com/doi/abs/10.1179/lev.2003.35.1.117〕 but a great part of the Citadel remains unexcavated. ==History== Excavations have uncovered signs of human occupation from as far back as the Middle Bronze Age (1650-1550 BC) in the form of a tomb that held pottery and scarab seals.〔Najjar, M. “Amman Citadel Temple of Hercules Excavations Preliminary Report.” ''Syria'' 70 (1993): 220-225.〕 During the Iron Age, the Citadel was called Rabbath-Ammon. The Amman Citadel Inscription comes from this period, an example of early Phoenician writing.〔Horn, Siegried H. “The Amman Citadel Inscription.” ''The American Schools of Oriental Research'' 193 (1969): 2-13.〕 It came to be occupied by the Assyrians, Babylonians, and Persians. When it was conquered by the Greeks in 331 BC, the city was renamed Philadelphia.〔Kadhim, M. B., and Y. Rajjal. “Amman” ''Cities'' 5.4 (1988): 318-325.〕 From the Hellenistic Period, there were not many architectural changes, but pottery provides evidence for their occupation.〔Najjar, M. “Amman Citadel Temple of Hercules Excavations Preliminary Report.” ''Syria'' 70 (1993): 220-225.〕 The site became Roman around 30 BC, and finally came under Muslim rule in AD 661.〔Kadhim, M. B., and Y. Rajjal. “Amman” ''Cities'' 5.4 (1988): 318-325.〕 The Citadel declined in importance under Ayyubid rule in the 13th century, but a watchtower was added to the site during this period.〔Milwright, Marcus. “Central and Southern Jordan in the Ayyubid Period: Historical and Archaeological Perspectives.” ''Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland'' 16.1 (2006): 1-27.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Amman Citadel」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|